History pertaining to the small Colorado School long forgotten.

History about the Colorado School in Austin, Texas has been long forgotten as the Colorado School is one of the many forgotten educational institutions of Austin that have faded away with time. Only longtime Austinites from generations ago may remember the Colorado School located in rural Travis County. Colorado School is one of the many schools in Austin/Travis County that did not receive a Texas Historic Landmark plaque or was revitalized to house school district offices. Colorado School is also historically significant and important because the Colorado School was listed as a defendant in the 1948 court case of Delgado v. Bastrop ISD regarding racial segregation in public schools. That court case declared segregation illegal in Texas public schools.


A short history of this school and Colorado School date back to the 1830s. Possibly around 1837. When the school first opened in 1837, it solely relied on county funding. The school was located in a log cabin near the Colorado River near a grove of trees and a cold spring. Colorado School educated students in grades 1 through 8.

The Colorado School was one of Del Valle's earliest schools as it was the oldest school in the Del Valle ISD school district at one point in time. Colorado School was the first school operated by Del Valle ISD. Years of operation for Colorado School ran from 1837 to 1948. The Colorado School itself was located at the present day intersections of US 183 & SH 71 near Austin Bergstrom International Airport (ABIA).

The Colorado Common School District in Austin was established in 1874. A school house was needed. Land where Colorado School was located on land owned by the Martin Family and Andrew M. Davidson. Enoch Martin, Sarah Elizabeth Martin, and Andrew M. Davidson deeded land to S.G. Sneed, Travis County, and the Colorado Common School District for a school house to be built on in the year of 1874 along with land for a city cemetery which would later become the Greenwood Cemetery. 5.6 acres of land were deeded to Colorado Common School District in the same year by F.A. Maxwell and Andrew M. Davidson. Colorado School was located on the Davidson tract named after Andrew M. Davidson.

Martin Family Cemetery had preceded the small school by a couple of years as their cemetery was plotted in 1874. The Colorado School was to be located north of the Martin Family Cemetery as a part of a land agreement with Travis County and City of Austin. Cemeteries called Martin Family Cemetery and Greenwood Cemetery were plotted south of the Colorado School.

A cistern was built in 1875 predating the school but not the cemetery. Water was gathered from a cistern from the years of 1875 to 1895 until the cistern got old and needed replacement. The 1875 cistern was built fairly well under a sturdy foundation.

Building a log cabin school was no easy task. It took a few months for the school to open after construction was completed. The log cabin was built and completed in 1876. Local citizens and several businesses donated wood for a log cabin school to be built. Colorado School was built in to serve as a public school which was operated under Colorado Common School District now known as Del Valle Independent School District bka Del Valle ISD. The Colorado School along with the Colorado Common School District itself were named after the Colorado River.

Colorado School was built as a single story log cabin in 1876. The log cabin School was located near Colorado River adjacent to a large group of live oak trees and a clear spring. The school itself was 12 feet tall at maximum height as the school was only 1 story tall. The school was a one room school. Originally grades 1 through 8 were educated there. Later on, grades 1 through 12 were taught at this school.

Average daily attendance was 26 to 30 students for the Colorado School. Some days 30 students attended school at best. Attendance was never very high due to the agricultural lifestyle. Students had to tend to family farms during harvesting season. Students had to pick cotton and work in the fields.

Students had to use outhouses located not too far away from the school as the Colorado School did not receive indoor plumbing until near mid-20th century. 2 separate outhouses were located outside the Colorado School. The wait to use these facilities was long and time consuming. Some students and teachers simply used the forest that surrounded the area.

Of course racial segregation was implemented by law in Texas and southern United States, so schools were separated by race. Separate schools were built for white, black, and Hispanic students. Black students attended separate schools from white students. White students attended separate schools from black students. That is the reason why the "Colorado White School", "Colorado Mexican School", and "Colorado Negro School" existed. The Colorado Mexican School was built adjacent to the Colorado White School.

Despite being racially segregated, black and white students shared the one room School with Hispanic students. Black students were taught alongside with white students here at this school. Some of the other schools were like this. Hispanic students had either attended the negro schools or white schools. Usually Hispanic students attended both the negro schools or white schools.


A new cistern was built to replace the old cistern in 1895. The school district decided to eventually to drill a new water well in 1895. The well had to be drilled away from the cemeteries for sanitary purposes. So this led to a controversy to where the school district would locate the new water well. Another new water well and a cistern were installed in 1905.

The Colorado Mexican School was built next to the Colorado White School in 1906 which eventually became combined into one school. Black student had sometimes attended the Colorado Mexican School. Roof replacement was installed in the same year.

1921 was the year the log cabin school was demolished. This time the Colorado School was built on top of a concrete cement slab foundation that was built over an old graveyard. A single story brick building at a height of 12 feet was constructed in to replace the log cabin school to accommodate growth in enrollment as the log cabin school became overcrowded due to lack of space in classrooms. A sign with the words "Colorado School" had been placed on top of the school painted in a blackish brown color.

Schools known to local citizens as Colorado Mexican School and Colorado Negro School were constructed in 1934 adjacent to the Colorado White School although the original Colorado Mexican School had been built next to the Colorado White School for some time earlier. Prior to the Colorado Mexican School operating, Hispanic students attended the Colorado White School before a separate school for Hispanics became available. Hispanic students were not required to attend school. Hispanic students had either attended the negro schools or white schools. The Colorado Negro School was added as an additional building to accompany black students.

An additional room was added to the Colorado School in 1935. A number of additional rooms were later added to be expanded. Average daily attendance was 26 to 30 students on daily basis during the 1930s. But the attendance rate still remained low as it historically was and has been.


By the 1940s, the Colorado School receive indoor plumbing with 2 separate toilets inside the brick building. Water pipes were upgraded and fixed.

By the late 1940s, both the Colorado Mexican School, Colorado Negro School, and Colorado White School had experienced extreme overcrowding. Extreme overcrowding was common for schools in the Colorado Common School District such as the Elroy School, the Garfield School, Lamar School, Cloud School, and Popham School unfortunately. The Colorado School had a daily attendance rate of 100 students in 1944. 100 students was the average on a daily basis. A huge increase from the 1930s attendance rate. The rate remained the same even in 1945.

Colorado Common School District was 1 of 4 school districts listed as a defendant in the 1948 court case of Delgado v. Bastrop ISD. Colorado School was listed as a prime example of racial segregation in the lawsuit against the state of Texas. LULAC brought suit against several school districts for denying Hispanic students the use of school facilities and educational services. The suit claimed Hispanic students were separated and segregated from white students even though under state law they were considered "White" or "Caucasian". Although US Court found both the Colorado School and Colorado Common School District to be operating within the terms of the decree, overcrowding of the school witnessed would contradict the provision for “equal school instruction.”

By the late end of 1948, the school was closed due to overcrowding conditions. Travis County Schools Superintendent Irving W. Popham described conditions at Colorado School as “the worst Travis County has ever known.” Travis County Schools, Austin Independent School District (then Austin Public Schools which is now known as Austin ISD) and Colorado Common School District deemed the Colorado School unfit and inadequate for a learning environment due to overcrowding from a lack of space and growth in enrollment. Overcrowding was extreme. Travis County government officials determined the Colorado School deemed to be unfit and antiquated.

From 1948 to 1950, the Colorado School was used as a community center and church. As part of the land agreement with Travis County and City of Austin, the school was to be zoned as a church and community if in the event the school were to close down due to overcrowding, structural error, or declining enrollment. Colorado School held religious services during operation as a church.

When the Colorado School was closed, elementary students attended the Popham School while the junior high students attended Del Valle Junior High School. The high school students had  attended Del Valle Senior High School which was later Del Valle Junior-Senior High School which had eventually became Del Valle High School. Other students were sent to Austin ISD schools to relieve overcrowding.


In 1950, the old Colorado School was all but abandoned by the school district as students were being shipped to other schools as part the consolidation into Del Valle ISD on part of Texas Education Agency (TEA) and Colorado Common School District. Grass was kept untrimmed. Windows and window panels were boarded with thin plywood. Vegetation sprawled over Colorado School.

The Colorado Common School District along with Travis County Schools & TEA was consolidating school districts & schools in Southeastern Travis County in the 1950s in an effort to collect more on property taxes, declining enrollment, and lack of funding. Schools and school districts that were consolidated into Colorado Common School District were Elroy, Creedmoor, Pilot Knob, Dry Creek, Hornsby-Dunlap, Maha, and Garfield.

1950 is also when the Del Valle schools became slowly integrated. Some schools were no longer separated by race or ethnicity. Integration was slow to come to liberal Austin and Del Valle, but it came easy as the racial integration process went smooth with no trouble.


1952 is the year when the city of Austin began annexing portions of the Colorado Common School District in both Austin and Del Valle. The Colorado School was within the city limits causing confusion with Austin ISD and Del Valle ISD school district boundaries. Because the Colorado School was within The Austin city limits, the school district had to find a new location for its own schools. Although the Colorado School had an Austin address, it served students from the communities of Del Valle, Austin, Montopolis, Bergstrom Village, Glenbrook, Valle Del Rio, Colton, and Timber Creek.

Enrollment stood at 600 students in 1952 for the Colorado Common School District. That created a demand for new schools in Del Valle. The new renovated Popham School was open by then. Del Valle High School and Del Valle Junior High were underway.

In 1958, grass vegetation took over the driveways as the school was totally abandoned. The buildings were still standing by then. 1958 is also the year when the Del Valle schools became integrated. Schools were no longer separated by race or ethnicity. Integration was a smooth process for the large Del Valle school district with no hassle or race riots.

In 1958, Austin Public Schools (Austin Independent School District bka Austin ISD) sold the land to United States Government as the school was located dangerously close in a flight path being so close to Bergstrom Air Force Base. Davidson tract was located outside the former Bergstrom Air Force Base. The Colorado Common School District was renamed the Del Valle Independent School District in 1964.


In 1964, the Colorado School was demolished after years of being abandoned. All that remained in 1965 was a gravel pit located on site of the former Colorado School. That gravel pits sat out there for years before becoming overgrown by vegetation. Outbuildings sat in their positions. All outbuildings have been demolished. A portion of an outbuilding for the Colorado School was added to the Del Valle ISD district offices on Shapard Lane in Del Valle, Texas in 1967 which remains there today. To this day, the school district boundaries for Austin ISD and Del Valle ISD remain chaotic.


Colorado School is one of the many forgotten schools and institutions of Austin & Del Valle that have faded away with time and from people's memories unfortunately. Schools such as this one should be preserved as a museum, converted to a dance studio, bank, or revitalized into government offices. This can be listed as an example of priorities placed in the wrong place. Historic preservation should be a secondary priority for a school district.

Something needs to be done to commemorate the Colorado School as a part the 1948 Federal Court ruling on Delgado v. Bastrop ISD. People don't recognize how LULAC fought for equal school instruction and facilities. Efforts of LULAC also need to brought to attention.


*Colorado Common School District was known to Travis County Schools officials and civilians as Colorado Common School District No. 36 or as School District No. 36.
*The Colorado School was simply just called "Colorado School" at one point in history.
*Colorado School had an Austin address despite being zoned to Del Valle ISD.
*Colorado School was adjacent to 2 other schools before the schools became molded into one school called "Colorado School" due mainly to racial integration following 1948. Thus Colorado Mexican School and Colorado Negro School were eventually combined into the Colorado White School.
*Old Del Valle Road was also known as Old Austin-Del Valle Road, Austin-Del Valle Road, and Del Valle Road.
*The Martin Family Cemetery preceded the Colorado School.
*Popham School bka Popham Elementary School was built in 1948 to relieve overcrowding from other schools located in the Colorado Common School District. From 1952 to 1953, Popham School went under construction during an extensive renovation period. In 1953 the school was finally open to the public again.



As for the Martin Family Cemetery, the Martin Family Cemetery was plotted and constructed in 1874 by Enoch Martin and Andrew M. Davidson when they deeded land to Travis County for a school to be built on and a city cemetery. Many family members from the Martin Family were buried there. Last recorded burial in the Martin Family Cemetery was Walter Martin in 1909.

The Martin Family Cemetery is now behind a secure fence located southeast of the US 183 & SH 71 intersection near the northwest corner of Austin Bergstrom International Airport (ABIA). Martin Family Cemetery is located 140 feet north of Greenwood Cemetery also. Permission must be obtained to view the Martin Family Cemetery due to Homeland Security restrictions. Homeland Security restrictions require visitors to be escorted by ABIA staff to the site.


Enoch Martin, Andrew M. Davidson, and F.A. Maxwell deeded land to Travis County and City of Austin for another cemetery that was to become a city cemetery in 1907. Other acres were purchased in 1910. This cemetery would eventually become Greenwood Cemetery. Austin-Del Valle Road served as the northeast boundary between separating the Martin Family Cemetery from the Greenwood Cemetery. Martin Family members are also buried in Greenwood Cemetery.

Greenwood Cemetery operates as a public cemetery owned by the City of Austin to this day. ABIA staff and Homeland Security staff patrol both cemeteries on a daily basis. Greenwood Cemetery is located directly south of the Martin Family Cemetery adjacent near ABIA. Both Greenwood Cemetery and Martin Family Cemetery are located at 1927 Old Lockhart Road, Austin, Texas, US 78742.

*Martin Family Cemetery is located near Old Del Valle Road.
*Also Martin Family Cemetery is located less than 1 acre north of Greenwood Cemetery.

How Armadillo Art Glass benefits the community revisited!

Armadillo Art Glass is a collection of local artists from the Austin, Texas community who sell their crafts by using their skills in glass blowing. With local artists coming together to form a community, such artists can sell their crafts and artworks for profit which will gear to generate money into the community. These artists are helping the community with their works of art. With these profits, 100% of proceeds go to all nonprofit organizations including Meals on Wheels. Meals on Wheels sponsors events held by  Armadillo Art Glass.

“They make art. There’s live paintings. It’s just a really chill event. Local artists come together to build a community and share art. Meals On Wheels raised $150,000 dollars last year for this charity event.” said Meg Stahl.

Armadillo Art Glass raised $150,000 dollars for Meals On Wheels last year in 2016. The average amount of donations Armadillo Art Glass receives for their charity events are $150,000 dollars a year. In some years, Meals On Wheels raises $300,000 dollars from sales at their charity events. 100% of proceeds go to all nonprofit organizations and partner sponsorships involved inside this charity event sponsored by Meals On Wheels.

How Arctic drilling is effecting various environments.

The environmental effects of Arctic drilling will surely have negative effects on the ozone layer along several of our other continents across the planet Earth. Carbon will be released into the air along with all the machinery and oil drilling equipment used to drill for oil in the Arctic Ocean. That equipment will be used to drill for oil in the Arctic Ocean will pollute the ocean water along several ice glaciers. Drilling for oil in the Arctic Ocean will effect many sea animals along some mammals nature habitat. Drilling for oil in the Arctic Ocean will pollute the ocean as well.

Yahoo News has even done an extensive news coverage story about Arctic drilling on the month of May 2015. Arctic drilling will have negative effects on the ozone layer of the planet Earth as Yahoo News claims.

Because the country of Australia is close to the ice glacier continent called Antarctica along with such countries as Chile and Argentina, Australia as a continent will be effected by global warming and the ozone layer itself. The environment of Australia is effected by global warming due the continents close proximity to the ice glacier continent of Antarctica. Australia along with Chile and Argentina are closer to the ozone layer thus making most of their lands arid deserts and uninhabitable. Global warming has certainly made the desert environment of Australia more arid, full of droughts, and somewhat uninhabitable in past 10 to 20 years. The effects of climate change and global warming certainly play a role in the metropolitan/rural divide in the Australian environment. These climate changes from global warming effects will have a toll on the Australian environment someday eventually.

Mixerr Album Reviews #1,271

This is Michael Mixerr. I will review Mozzy - Yellow Tape Activities.

Since the beginning of 2014, Mozzy has making a name for himself both on the internet and on the streets in Sacramento, California with lengthy strings of albums and mixtapes. He has been a consistent rapper who caught buzz at the right time since 2015. Yellow Tape Activities is what lifted his buzz into becoming a trending artist. Since then, Mozzy has went from underground rapper to nationwide sensation on the internet and in the underground music scene.

Yellow Tape Activities was an album that was released by Black Market Records as digital download online only in 2015/2016. Both Mozzy and Ced Singleton heavily promoted this album online and in the streets coming from underground. Many online users on the internet know about Mozzy throughout his Yellow Tape Activities album thanks to Ced Singleton. The album retains its consistency. Juneonnabeat take credit for a majority of the production. (More so than Cedsing.) Gangsta rap with a trap sound can be heard on this album. Yellow Tape Activities is very similar YG - My Krazy Life.

When you look at today's mainstream rap scene and the rap scene overall, it's not that surprising that cats like Mozzy are the ones who are getting all the national attention. Not that surprising at all. Pure original talent does not equate mainstream appeal these days unfortunately. On a nationwide scale, Sacramento is the long due respect the city deserves.

Ain’t $hit Happen is about living life on the edge dangerously. The track has a suicidal vibe with overuse of the word “suicide”. Mozzy is living life on the borderline of suicide. Mozzy is going through so much to the point where he could commit suicide. He could kill himself right now for signing up the lifestyle which he chose. Ain’t $hit Happen is a tale about casualties of war in the streets with gangs proving to be confrontational.

Next Body To You reveals the grim details of brutal reality rap from the street. The lyrics are too disconcerting for some to handle. Next Body To You is about the role of a crew hitman as the track is about casualties of war in these streets. Here everything gets violent and morbid.

I rate this album, Yellow Tape Activities, 4/5****!!

Mixerr Album Reviews #1,270

This is Michael Mixerr. Today I will review Dick Smith - Initial Thrust.

Now naming an album Dick Smith - Initial Thrust ultimately is considered cheesy, corny, provocative, and sexually suggestive by today’s standards. The title “Dick Smith - Initial Thrust” sounds very similar to a hot steamy pornographic film you would watch at an adult theatre or stream online by internet connection through a computer. But the 1980s were a simpler time of innocence. Sexuality was not as heavily promoted back then as it is today. Dick Smith - Initial Thrust is a funky modern sound album from the Zapp era that was one of the many side projects of Roger Troutman which is why the Zapp sound can be heard on this album. Dick Smith - Initial Thrust was released in 1983.

For some reason, 66% of this album is cover songs and remakes of older soul hits. 4 out of 6 songs on this album are cover songs. If you were looking for originality or original material from Dick Smith, you will surely but solely be disappointed. All the songs however have that Zapp sound and Roger Troutman sound in both production, musical style, percussion selection, and sound.


Roger Troutman produced to the kick drum sounds heard on Tobacco Road which is why you can hear his signature production sound on this Dick Smith song. Dick Smith’s Tobacco Road is a jazz remake of the blues song Tobacco Road by John D. Loudermilk. It was not a hit for either one of them though.

Sunny has that bouncy boom-clap sound you expect to hear from both Roger Troutman and Zapp. Sunny has that Zapp sound also. This is one of those tracks that will make you get up and want to dance to this funky song. The song Sunny is very similar to Funky Bounce by Zapp. As a matter of fact, Sunny is a highlight for Dick Smith’s solo album.

The Long And Winding Road is a tune of mournful sadness. The title alone gives away a mixture of feelings such as sadness and mournful. Despite the sadness in this song, the beats are really fast. Not surprising since Roger Troutman produced this song with his brother Larry Troutman at the time of recording Dick Smith’s first and only album to date.

By The Time I Get To Phoenix has a smooth modern soul vibe laced on top of a smooth mellow R&B vibe comfortable to your ears.

Warner Brothers, Epic, and Roger Troutman dropped the ball on promoting this album properly and one can see why. No one is going to buy an album filled with covers of rehashed soul songs from old soul hits of yesteryear. People want originality and flavor when they buy soul albums.

I rate this album, Initial Thrust, 3/5***.

Mixerr Album Reviews #1,269

This is Michael Mixerr. I will review Brandon Beal - Comfortable.

This album has a smooth mellow R&B vibe on top of a comfortable sound soothing to your ears. A smooth mellow R&B sound can be heard throughout this entire album. Brandon Beal never fails to disappoint his audience. As an independent artist, Brandon Beal has made some big moves on the internet with his name and this album is no exception. Brandon Beal has won even more fans across the planet with his record with Virgin/EMI. Fans of R&B should not sleep on this album! You’ll regret it if you do.

You will love the song Girl. It will be a memorable tune stuck inside your head for a lifetime. As a matter of fact, Girl is the best song off the Brandon Beal - Comfortable album. Girl is a longtime favorite among Brandon Beal fans. Brandon Beal incorporates electronic music into R&B on Girl. Girl was a buzz track that helped Brandon Beal gain popularity underground.

You Deserve is an amazing song over a killer beat. You Deserve is about how you deserve love. Regardless of the circumstances, all people deserve love in the eyes of Brandon Beal. You deserve that love. The melody and lyrics are easy to remember.

Purple Skirt is the best song next to Girl off this album being that Purple Skirt is the longest on the entire album.

I rate this album, Comfortable, 5/5*****!

Why the US government needs to take away corporate subsidies in yearly taxes revisited!

The United States pays more in taxes in corporate subsidies taxes more than any other countries scattered across the world. US citizens pay too much in corporate subsidies taxes. Corporations get a lot of handouts from the government as Phillip from the TheAdviseShow pointed out. Corporate subsidies are considered as entitlement. No more handouts!

Privatization is a business form of outsourcing. Privatization and outsourcing go hand in hand with each other in economic terms of free market economics along with free market trade. These jobs are being sent offshore and are never coming back at all! To sum it all up, privatization really means "outsourcing"! Watch out for that!

Is it possible to get a tax extension? No it's not always possible for a person to get an extension for their taxes. That's just not the reality in the world of accounting and finance. Taxes are due when they are due. Tax extension is only possible in very special unique circumstances. A tax extension is only given to certain people at certain times basically. Other than that, no, people don't get a tax extension. That's just not the reality.

Why the US government needs to take away corporate subsidies in yearly taxes!

We need to take away and get rid of these corporate subsidies! Here's why!
The United States pays more in taxes in corporate subsidies taxes more than any other countries scattered across the world. US citizens pay too much in corporate subsidies taxes. There really ought to be a limitation in cap on these taxes. Corporate subsidies are considered as entitlement. Corporations get a lot of handouts from the government as Phillip from the TheAdviseShow pointed out. We need to get rid of these withstanding laws.This method of taxation is quite harmful.
No more handouts!

History about the old Martin Family Cemetery not lost or forgotten.

Martin Family Cemetery was plotted and constructed in 1874 by Enoch Martin and Andrew M. Davidson when they deeded land to Travis County for a school to be built on and a city cemetery. Many family members from the Martin Family were buried there. Last recorded burial in the Martin Family Cemetery was Walter Martin in 1909.

The Martin Family Cemetery is now behind a secure fence located southeast of the US 183 & SH 71 intersection near the northwest corner of Austin Bergstrom International Airport (ABIA). Martin Family Cemetery is located 140 feet north of Greenwood Cemetery also. Permission must be obtained to view the Martin Family Cemetery due to Homeland Security restrictions. Homeland Security restrictions require visitors to be escorted by ABIA staff to the site.


Enoch Martin, Andrew M. Davidson, and F.A. Maxwell deeded land to Travis County and City of Austin for another cemetery that was to become a city cemetery in 1907. Other acres were purchased in 1910. This cemetery would eventually become Greenwood Cemetery. Austin-Del Valle Road served as the northeast boundary between separating the Martin Family Cemetery from the Greenwood Cemetery. Martin Family members are also buried in Greenwood Cemetery.

Greenwood Cemetery operates as a public cemetery owned by the City of Austin to this day. ABIA staff and Homeland Security staff patrol both cemeteries on a daily basis. Greenwood Cemetery is located directly south of the Martin Family Cemetery adjacent near ABIA. Both Greenwood Cemetery and Martin Family Cemetery are located at 1927 Old Lockhart Road, Austin, Texas, US 78742.

*Martin Family Cemetery is located near Old Del Valle Road.
*Also Martin Family Cemetery is located less than 1 acre north of Greenwood Cemetery.

How global warming effects the country of Australia.

Because the country of Australia is close to the ice glacier continent called Antarctica along with such countries as Chile and Argentina, Australia as a continent will be effected by global warming and the ozone layer itself. The environment of Australia is effected by global warming due the continents close proximity to the ice glacier continent of Antarctica. Australia along with Chile and Argentina are closer to the ozone layer thus making most of their lands arid deserts and uninhabitable. Global warming has certainly made the desert environment of Australia more arid, full of droughts, and somewhat uninhabitable in past 10 to 20 years. The effects of climate change and global warming certainly play a role in the metropolitan/rural divide in the Australian environment. These climate changes from global warming effects will have a toll on the Australian environment someday eventually.

Most of Australia has been considered as uninhabitable and unlivable for human life for much of Australia's history. Most of the land has always been desert ever since Australia was discovered by the British monarchy as historians state. Global warming has effected Australia along with Canada, Liberia, Poland, and the United States along with several countries across the planet Earth.

Subtropical cities such as Brisbane and Perth have much brighter subtropical weather year round than the rest of the continent of Australia. Floods do occur in beach cities of Australia due to their close proximity to the warm subtropical weather from the Australian coastline. More floods in Australia are the result of global warming and climate change as meteorologists claim in the broadcasted weather news and believe.

Mixerr Album Reviews #1,268

This is Michael Mixerr. Today I will review Bossalena - Purple Rose EP.

Purple Rose is a digital album that was packaged as an EP to be put online in the format of a digital download in 2017 from Bossalena. The physical copy of Purple Rose EP has 10 tracks with a 4 bonus track as an extra. The digital download version of Purple Rose EP only has 6 tracks instead of 10 tracks.

Watch My Step is about how Bossalena started from the bottom. She built her own studio herself. Bossalena takes shots at female rappers with a no hold barred attitude. She tells people how to watch her style. Just know not to test her. With 25 mixtapes/album under belt, she truly made a name for herself in underground music.

Bossalena takes shots with a no hold barred attitude on We Winnin. 2017 is the year she is truly winning. Bossalena sure makes winning easy. The hard heavy hitting bass and trap beats will surely rattle your speakers! The track is very futuristic sounding.

Air It Out is very futuristic sounding. Fuck the haters. It’s all about that money. Although the trap beats are played out. On Direction, trap music meets drill beats. On Direction, trap music meets drill beats. You can feel the music deep down in your soul. The hard heavy hitting bass will surely rattle your speakers on Whip It!

Although the trap beats are nothing new, the futuristic sound make the Purple Rose EP stand out. Air It Out and Watch My Step are highlight tracks. What’s unique about this Bossalena EP is that there is a different producer for each track.

I rate this EP, Purple Rose, 4/5****!!

Mixerr Album Reviews #1,267

This is Michael Mixerr. I am reviewing Born 2wice ‎– In P.I.M.P.!

For those who don’t, Born 2wice is Niggaracci ‎on the In P.I.M.P. album. Niggaracci is one of his many known aliases in the rap game and film industry. Born 2wice experiments with explicit Sex rap on this album. Sex rap meets gangsta rap with some East Coast hip hop flava. Born 2wice goes the Too $hort route by experimenting the explicit sex rap sound. Rhythm D helped produced this album as well. Only 100,000 copies of In P.I.M.P exist making this album a collectors album.

I rate this album, In P.I.M.P., 5/5*****!!

History of Travis State School revisited!

Travis State School (first known as Austin State School - Farm Colony) was a living center that was operated as a farm colony, work facility, and educational facility a farm colony becoming eventually a work facility and an educational facility for the mentally retarded citizens of Texas operating from 1933 to 1996. The institution taught the mentally retarded how to be self-sufficient. Travis State School itself was located at FM 969 and Decker Lane 8 miles east of Downtown Austin located near the Colorado River.


In 1930, Texas Governor Miriam A. Ferguson and Dr. J. W. Bradfield proposed an idea to the Texas Board of Control along with Texas Mental Health Mental Retardation to create a farm colony, work facility, and educational facility for the mentally retarded citizens of Texas. The Texas Government had purchased 241 acres of land from Greg Wilson, Annie LaRue Scott, and six other residents in the year of 1932. In 1933, the Texas legislature established Travis State School as the Austin State School - Farm Colony as an annex/branch of the Austin State School.

Travis State School itself was located at FM 969 and Decker Lane 8 miles east of Downtown Austin located near the Colorado River. East Austin, further away from US Highway 183 was all farmland with ranches which resulted in an ideal location for Austin State School - Farm Colony.

Both mentally handicapped individuals and physically handicapped individuals lived at Travis State School. Mostly mentally handicapped individuals lived there. Most were non-verbal. The school was mostly compromised of multi-handicapped students. Travis State School is very similar in setup to Marbridge Foundation and Down Home Ranch.


The farm colony started as a true farm community in 1933. Texas Government along Texas Mental Health Mental Retardation had felt a need to place mentally retarded citizens in a separate home away from the rest of society. The mindset of society was to place mentally retarded citizens far away from so they wouldn’t ever have a need to come into the metropolis as Austin State School was set up as an autonomous community.  Texas Government along TX MHMR ideology was for the mentally retarded to produce farm products for other ‘State Schools’ and institutions. This taught the mentally retarded how to be self-sufficient. Travis State School was set up as an autonomous community.

Austin State School - Farm Colony was intended to provide a home for mentally retarded male patients who could no longer further benefit from training at the Austin State School and who were able to do such farm work such as gardening, farming, dairying, mowing, and such related tasks. The first students were transferred from the Austin State School to the farm colony in October 1934 which at the time had only one building. However, there were female students even in 1934 despite the original intentions of the institutions for males only.

At first, Austin State School - Farm Colony was just for men and eventually women. Children came later. ‘State School’ facilities were gender segregated due to a prevalent belief from the time period that associated mental retardation with promiscuity, alcoholism, and immoral behavior.

In 1939, student population was 450. Only 7-8 students had ground paroles. Salaries for farm work was $27 per month. Eventually due to inflation the pay rate was raised to $40 per month. Employees worked 12 hours a day. Dentists worked 8 hours a day. There were 45 female students working at the farm colony.
A staff of 45 women employees and 90 male employees took care of 450 students on a daily basis. Condition were not too primitive.


However on January 14, 1941, the Texas Legislature and Texas Government were considering closing down the farm colony due to the fact that the farm colony was a total failure as the farm colony could not produce enough to maintain for the patients at the institution and other institutions run by the state. However the farm colony remained.

By 1945, the farm colony had six buildings with offices. The farm colony became a separate institution from the Austin State School in 1949 despite having the name ‘Austin State School’ which it was always a part of. 1949 brought big changes to Travis State School. The farm colony was always Austin State School despite was others say. A plant nursery operated there at Travis State School from 1933 to 1990. The school grew their own vegetables. Beef and pork were raised in the farm colony.


By 1955, TX MHMR had acquired an additional 195 acres from 8 more residents all of whom owned farmland. The Austin State School - Farming Colony campus eventually grew to encompass 68 buildings that spanned to the 436 acres you see today owned by KIPP Austin.


Farming operations at the facility slowly ceased in January 1961 due to the fact that the farm colony was a total failure. The farm colony could not produce enough to maintain for the patients at the institutions. The farming operations did not cease due to mental health care reforms in the 1960's due to popular belief. Farming operations ceased due to lack of attention and criminal negligence.
To reflect this change, Austin State School - Farm Colony was renamed to Travis State School in January 1961.

Travis State School had its highest peak of patient enrollment of 1,800 patients/students in 1968 all of whom had been transferred from other institutions. Later included was a swimming pool, cannery, storerooms, more offices, and a sewing room.

In the year of 1970, Travis State School received a grant from the Hospital Improvement Project which made it possible for the use of a unit system of treatment. A new Vocational Evaluation and Training Center was opened and staffed through a grant from the Texas Rehabilitation Commission. The water tower was constructed over a graveyard. Female students were first admitted in 1973 for the first time since the institution gradually opened in 1933.


The reasons why Austin State School - Farm Colony ceased operations was due to revisions in the Fair Labor Standards Act of 1974 and the oil recession of the 1970s that greatly effected the United States economy. Texas Government discovered the free labor residents and inmates provided was considered somewhat exploitive especially for the high functioning residents. High functioning residents were assigned to take care of low functioning residents. The State of Texas could not afford to pay residents and inmates as workers. So residents and inmates worked for free. This in turn was a violation of the Fair Labor Standards Act of 1974.

The courts ruled in 1974 residents and inmates in these institutions run by the State of Texas (federal, state-run, or otherwise) were entitled to protections under the Fair Labor Standards Act. This was a tragedy for some of the residents and inmates residing in these institutions. They had no sense of purpose and had idle time sitting on the ward. Despite that, state run programs were still readily available. Despite that, the nursery was still in operation until 1990.


The Texas Government and TX MHMR had began changing its focus from institutionalization to integrated placement in local communities as this trend was becoming nationwide in the United States in the 1980s. ‘State Schools’ began to see a decline in enrollment. This was a result from efforts in deinstitutionalization. By then, state officials began following this trend. The Texas Government and TX MHMR had began changing its focus from institutionalization to deinstitutionalization.

In 1981, farming operations at the facility ceased for good due to lack of enrollment, lack of maintenance, criminal negligence, and bad results. All what was left in its place was the institution.
The Travis State School functioned as an Independent School District (ISD) from 1981 to 1988. After the year of 1988 due to lack of enrollment and federal funding, Travis State School relied on the Manor Independent School District to provide academic instruction through its "mainstreaming" program instead. The Travis State School Independent School District and Austin State School Independent School District were shut down by the state due to lack of enrollment and deinstitutionalization.


In the 1990s, Travis State School was renamed to Austin State School Annex but still kept the name ‘Travis State School’ as many people referred to the institution by such name despite what other say. Texas has always historically been behind most US states to serve people with mental retardation within their own communities along with Alabama, Mississippi, Ohio, Oklahoma, and Illinois. 

The 1990s saw an even further decline in ‘State School’ enrollment due to deinstitutionalization and healthcare laws. Effects of deinstitutionalization became statewide. Statistics in newspapers, reports, and books showed otherwise. In 1992, Travis State School had 604 patients and 1,270 employees with a total of 86 buildings at its 436 acre property. In 1994, only 104 patients remained. They were unharmed.

In 1994, the State of Texas and City of Austin proposed a 1,000 inmate facility for a new state jail to alleviate crowding with the population in state jails. In 1996, the Travis County State Jail/Travis State Jail was built and completed. For a short while, Travis County State Jail/Travis State Jail was privately run by privatized prison industrial complex company Wackenhut Correctional Facilities from 1994 to 2001. The land where Travis County State Jail/Travis State Jail occupies is where the Farm Colony originally was for Austin State School - Farm Colony.

Due to an abuse case at Travis State School along with lawsuits such as Lelsz vs. Kavanagh and Ruiz vs. Estelle, Travis State School closed down as an agreement in a lawsuit settlement with the state of Texas and US Government in 1996. The lawsuit was both statewide and federal, thus resulting in the federal lawsuit of Lelsz vs. Kavanagh.

By 1996, Travis State School closed for good. By then all remaining 41 patients were relocated to nearby institutions such as the Austin State School (now Austin State Supported Living Center). Construction at Travis State School lasted from 1996 to 1998. Debris was left over from pervious construction teams who relocated nearly everything. Some items and various other objects were left onsite. Buildings fell into various states of decay and disrepair.

In 1996, local real estate developer Peter Barlin had bought the land Travis State School was located on from Texas Board of Control. The idea for Peter Barlin purchasing the Travis State School land and buildings was to create a private version of the public housing agency called Vision Village. His main intention was to create public housing. Vision Village was supposed to be a neighborhood for low income housing. The City of Austin gave him a $1 million dollar incentive for this land development. Organizers borrowed nearly $4 million from Austin, Travis County and a local bank in 1997.

However plans fell through when Vision Village lacked the management expertise and fund-raising ability to build the housing it promised. Local real estate developer Peter Barlin had been charged criminally with penalties such as embezzlement, conspiracy, money laundering, mismanagement, and fraud. More than $5 million had been poured into the project. Peter Barlin had owned the former Travis State School site that was once set aside for Vision Village, a project that never got off the ground despite more than $1 million from the city. The Vision Village costs had ran deeper than dollars however.


In 2004, KIPP Schools (KIPP Austin) had purchased the property from Peter Barlin and the State of Texas via TX MHMR from Texas Board of Control. Some buildings however were still abandoned. These buildings were renovated overtime. Only few buildings were demolished. The Travis State School Cemetery had fallen into disrepair. Security had not been set up to protect and secure property on a 24 hour basis yet.

Travis State School sat abandoned and vacant for a period of time from 1996 to 2004.
This made it easy for scrappers to steal and vandalize the buildings for copper metal in order to gain a profit. One famous example would be local criminal Reginald Dane Parker. Local criminal Reginald Dane Parker had apparently been stealing copper wire there from the location site before for years. The timeframe Reginald Dane Parker had been stealing copper wire from Travis State School was from 2001 to 2005. Reginald Dane Parker was arrested and jailed by law enforcement officials in 2005.

By 2011, KIPP Austin had fully settled onto the land of the former Travis State School site. However the 8 dorms that weren’t in use were boarded up and closed off. The 9 warehouses are in various states of disrepair. Austin Police Department had set up their Child Protective Services division there in the year of 2011 as well.

In 2015, KIPP Schools contracted with local business ASC Management to secure the property as an effort in security measures. Closed-Camera surveillance cameras are now present and 24 hour security is actively on sight. Gates now hover over the buildings. Unoccupied buildings that were boarded up or abandoned are now currently in use. These building have been upgraded by being renovated. Currently businesses such as KIPP Austin, Austin Discovery School, KIPP Cafe, Austin Police Department, and Child Protective Services now occupy the land property. A small handful of former warehouses are in various states of disrepair.



[Here’s why Travis State School really closed!]

[John Lelsz Sr. with his wife, Ruth Lelsz, had filed a lawsuit that claimed Texas ‘State Schools’ along with other institutions of this kind violated the constitutional rights of their residents in 1974. Abuse was rampant in these institutions. criminal negligence, Patients were living in unsanitary condition provided by extremely inadequate living conditions. The lawsuit was Lelsz vs. Kavanagh. The lawsuit was eventually settled in 1991.

Travis State School closed down due a federal lawsuit called Lelsz vs. Kavanagh. Complainant John Lelsz Sr. and his wife Ruth Lelsz alleged their son, John Lelsz Jr. was physically abused and overtly medicated. John Lelsz Jr. was housed at Travis State School and Austin State School. John Lelsz Jr. was a blind and retarded patient who was physically aggressive with others and prone to violent outbursts. As a result he was overmedicated by Travis State School and Austin State School staff and the medical faculty.

When his parents went to visit him at Travis State School and Austin State School, they notices bruises, scars, and various other lacerations on his body.John Lelsz Jr. had acquired a head gash requiring six stitches, a black eye and swollen face while at Austin State School. Austin State School staff had used cattle prods to administer electroshock therapy on John Lelsz Jr. was a very difficult patient. Both parents filed a lawsuit against the state of Texas. Such said lawsuit eventually reached Federal Court. This led to the closure of the Travis State School in 1996.

By 1998, Travis State School closed for good. By then all remaining 41 patients were relocated to nearby institutions such as the Austin State School (now Austin State Supported Living Center). By 1999, lawsuits of Lelsz vs. Kavanagh and Ruiz vs. Estelle were mostly settled with the fact most of the complainants, plaintiffs, defendants, defenders, lawyers, and attorneys, were somewhat not satisfied with the Texas Governments’ actions with some justice being unserved to the victims and those whom were harmed.

As a result of delayed justice, John Lelsz Jr. was removed from Austin State School to a psychiatric institution in Arkansas in 1997. Since then his family relocated him back to Texas. His parents have since passed away. John Lelsz Sr. passed away in June 1995.]


[As for the government properties of Austin State School and Travis State School…]

[The Travis State School Cemetery still remains onsite hidden away from KIPP Austin campus. The cemetery has fallen into disrepair. Many graves, tombstones, and other identifiers such as markers remain untouched despite the future plans from the Texas Government to remove such graves. The Texas Government decided to leave the graves untouched. The Travis State School Cemetery has fallen into disrepair.]

[Austin State School - Farm Colony had moved back to its original location at the “original” Austin State School (now Austin State Supported Living Center) in 1998. Austin State School - Farm Colony has now been reduced to a garden to a size of 4 rows as of 2016. The farm colony is a former shill of what it once was. No longer are extreme amounts of tax dollars being poured into the farm colony. As of 2016, the farm colony no longer exists.]


*Travis State School went under various names over the years such as Austin State School - Farm Colony, Austin State School - Farm Colony for the Feebleminded, Austin State School - Farm Colony for the Mentally Challenged, Travis State School for Boys, Travis State Home, Travis State School for the Mentally Gifted, Travis State School for the Mentally Challenged, Austin State School Annex, and Travis State School Annex.
*Travis State School was first named Austin State School - Farm Colony in 1933.
*Austin State School - Farm Colony was changed and renamed to Travis State School in 1961.
*Travis State School was the first state school in Texas to have a swimming pool for therapeutic purposes.
*A plant nursery operated there at Travis State School from 1933 to 1974. The school grew their own vegetables.
*Beef and pork were raised in the farm colony.
*The water tower was constructed over the first graveyard in 1966. The water tower still remains standing today.

Mixerr Album Reviews #1,266

This is Michael Mixerr. Today I will review Born 2wice ‎– 6 Inna Mornin' for a single review.

Born 2wice ‎– 6 Inna Mornin' was released as a cassette single on Bigga Records in 1995 with distribution from INDI, Southwest Wholesale, and Select-O-Hits. This cassette single contains alternate versions of the songs 6 Inna Mornin'  and The Jack which were included on Born 2wice's second album called Portrait of a $erial Player. Most of the tracks were jacked from Born 2wice's first album called U Have The Right 2 Remain Violent. Guest appearances include Ice-T, King Tee, G-Money, 3-2 (RIP), and Cocco Budda from Dallas radio station KNON 89.3 FM. Born 2wice is a legendary Houston rapper that does not get the credit he deserves.


Born 2wice’s 6 Inna Mornin' pays homage and tribute to Ice-T’s 6 In The Morning. Only this tribute version of 6 In The Morning has a more updated polished sound with heavy bass on top of that infamous gangsta rap sound. Processed beats help make this track stand out. Born 2wice gets on the Scarface tip as he sounds exactly like him on this track.

Now for those who didn’t know, Born 2wice was the only artist to fuck with an East Coast artist in Texas back in the 90s. Nobody else in Texas had included Ice-T on their album or single if they were a rapper in Texas back then. Born 2wice was the first Texas rapper to include an East Coast artist on an album. That is why he is considered legendary in Houston rap.


The Jack features King T from Aftermath Entertainment. Born 2wice sounds very similar to Willie D and Scarface combined together on The Jack. King T helped write and produce The Jack recording. Born 2wice and King T make history together on The Jack as legendaries. They remind us Armeggdon is near.

Geto Life takes us on a journey through low class living as Geto Life visits the subject of poverty. Issues such as substance abuse, income inequality, abuse, drugs, institutional racism, political corruption, and murder. Born 2wice gets on the Scarface tip as he sounds exactly like him on this track also.

9 Oz. Of Terror '95 revisits 9 Oz. Of Terror '93 from the U Have The Right 2 Remain Violent album from 1993. The Underworld is a very spooky horrorcore rap track. Born 2wice reminds us Armeggdon is near.

I rate this single, 6 Inna Mornin’, 5/5*****!!

Mixerr Album Reviews #1,265

This is Michael Mixerr. Right now I will review Sha Slim - Streight Frum Da Pen

Sha Slim takes us on a journey through the perspective of a young black man’s mind. The young black man’s mind is like a prison cell without any vital signs of freedom. Being closed minded that is. Being locked in ones mind is hard to get out of. It’s a journey into the unknown. Cold and dark are the moods. Sha Slim is a lyricist/rapper from Cincinnati, Ohio. 

I rate this album, Streight From Da Pen, 3/5***.

Del Valle Missionary Baptist Church not forgotten.

Del Valle Missionary Baptist Church was built in 1900. The Del Valle Missionary Baptist Church was built as a rectangular front gabled building with a gabled roofed entry and a triangular roof for the steeple. Take notice of the evenly parallel squared porch at the front entrance. An addition has been added to the rear. In 1937, Del Valle Missionary Baptist Church sold 1 acre of land to the Colorado Common School District (now Del Valle Independent School District).

In 1940, the church sold an additional 5 acres of land to the Colorado Common School District to open the Lamar School which would eventually become the Del Valle Opportunity Center in the 1980s. There are not any known cemeteries associated with this church. The building is currently shared by Hispanic and Black Baptist congregations.

Today the Del Valle Missionary Baptist Church sits vacant in its almost exact location of origin. As TxDOT expands State Highway 71 to 5 lanes, the Del Valle Missionary Baptist Church may be demolished by imminent domain for right of way purposes. Airport traffic from Austin Bergstrom International Airport (ABIA) has lead Del Valle Missionary Baptist Church to relocate 20 feet away from the original location.

The old location of Del Valle Missionary Baptist Church was 3320 State Highway 71, Del Valle, Texas, US 78617. It was located next to the Lamar School. The new locations are 17600 Blake Manor Road, Manor, Texas, US 78653 and 3178 Eva Street, Del Valle, Texas, US 78617.

Marquis Greer's independent record label Purple Elephant Music established.

Marquis Greer started the Purple Elephant Music independent record label out of Dallas, Texas.
The reason Marquis Greer started Purple Elephant Music because he believes there is not enough underground music out there for everyone. Purple Elephant Music is a full time hustle for Marquis Greer. He wants to expand the brand of Purple Elephant Music for his artists and MC's that collaborate and connect with him. He wants to connect with artists and producers. Expanding the brand for the Purple Elephant Music independent record label is Marquis Greer's main focus right now. Marquis Greer is expanding the brand for Purple Elephant Music right now.

Mixerr Album Reviews #1,264

This is Michael Mixerr. Today I will review the Handsome JET - ￢(゜~゜)Г album.

Jet Boogie is a Handsome Jet melody of all the songs on the ￢(゜~゜)Г album all onto one track. Think of this song as a mega melody. A loud heavy hard rock mega melody is what it sounds like. Hard rock meets heavy metal mega in this mega melody song. The volume is set quite loud! Handsome JET does his usual chanting, singing, and yelling through the enchanted power of music. Handsome JET himself takes the lead in this song as a vocalist.

Duck [アヒル] is a perfect song to play at night during the peaceful nighttime. Dusk has that peaceful nighttime vibe to it. Handsome JET himself takes the lead in this song as a vocalist. Handsome JET does his usual singing and yelling through the enchanted power of music. Take notice of the harmonics used on Duck. Toshio Sakurai sang on Duck. The song Duck has a rather happy upbeat vibe.

self-haunting is a duo cut with longtime Handsome JET Project members Toshio Sakurai and Handsome Jet. self-haunting is a dark song.


Only around 10,000 copies of ￢ (゜ ~ ゜) Г were pressed on CD and sold via Amazon, by Handsome JET directly himself, sold at GITADORA LIVE concerts, or were sold at those Handsome JET Live concerts hosted by Bemani with help of Konami. Most copies of ￢ (゜ ~ ゜) Г were pressed sold on Amazon.com. Songs from Bemani games such as GuitarFreaks and Drummania were not included due to copyright reasons. Due to budgetary concerns, Handsome JET played with a single acoustic guitar. Toshio Sakurai sang on most of the dark songs such as Dusk and self-haunting. YUEI had nothing to do with this album.

Sadly however, ￢(゜~゜)Г and Honto was the only album from Handsome JET that was ever released. Lead singer Handsome JET died in May 2008 in a traffic accident while riding a motorcycle with his in Japan. The friend survived. Handsome JET sang a multitude of songs from Konami originals and licensed covers alike. His real name has never been revealed and is not known. Handsome JET Project and Handsome JET himself would have taken off to become a national success in Japan if the lead singer hadn't died.

*Handsome Jet is the name of the lead singer of the coincidental band Handsome JET Project. Handsome JET Project is Handsome Jet, YUEI (Yuei Uematsu), Kozo Nakamura, and Toshio Sakurai.
* [￢ (゜ ~ ゜) Г is a notation used to represent an emoticon.]
*He is credited as Handsome JET or Jetto-san (ジェットさん) as he was in the Bemani games GuitarFreaks and Drummania.

I rate this album, ￢(゜~゜)Г , 4/5****!

What methods of promotion Kevin Anthony is currently using to promote him self as an established independent artist.

It's not as easy to promote yourself for self-promotion as everyone who's a musician or an artist makes it seem. That's just not the reality in self-promotion marketing.

Not only is Kevin Anthony using the newest ways of self-promotion by using the internet as a platform for promotions but he is using the oldest ways of self-promotion by word of mouth and posters. Word of mouth is the oldest form of promotion known to humankind. Word of mouth promotion has been around since almost the beginning of time. Kevin Anthony using the word of mouth promotion method is best way to get his stuff out there. You all can trust me on all this.

Other than that, his flyers can be seen online also! Kevin Anthony does use his promotion skills and marketing skills to the best of his advantage. In the business world self-promotion, professionalism, dress outfits, and marketing are the most important things!

Kevin Anthony has the potential to be a singer-songwriter behind the scenes of the music industry and publishing rights business. Kevin Anthony should hit the books on studying music rights. Kevin Anthony has a lot of potential and we hate to see all that potential go to waste. Other than that, Kevin Anthony is so dope.

Mixerr Album Reviews #1,263

This is Michael Mixerr. Today I will review Bossalena - Purple Rose EP.

Purple Rose is a digital album that was packaged as an EP to be put online in the format of a digital download in 2017 from Bossalena. The physical copy of Purple Rose EP has 10 tracks with a 4 bonus track as an extra. The digital download version of Purple Rose EP only has 6 tracks instead of 10 tracks.

Watch My Step is about how Bossalena started from the bottom. She built her own studio herself. Bossalena takes shots at female rappers with a no hold barred attitude. She tells people how to watch her style. Just know not to test her. With 25 mixtapes/album under belt, she truly made a name for herself in underground music.

Bossalena takes shots with a no hold barred attitude on We Winnin. 2017 is the year she is truly winning. Bossalena sure makes winning easy. The hard heavy hitting bass and trap beats will surely rattle your speakers! The track is very futuristic sounding.

Air It Out is very futuristic sounding. Fuck the haters. It’s all about that money. Although the trap beats are played out. On Direction, trap music meets drill beats. On Direction, trap music meets drill beats. You can feel the music deep down in your soul. The hard heavy hitting bass will surely rattle your speakers on Whip It!

Although the trap beats are nothing new, the futuristic sound make the Purple Rose EP stand out. Air It Out and Watch My Step are highlight tracks. What’s unique about this Bossalena EP is that there is a different producer for each track.

I rate this EP, Purple Rose, 4/5****!!

Mixerr Album Reviews #1,262

This is Michael Mixerr. Today I will review Code FI - Subliminally Focused Hip Hop!

From the industrial streets of a windy city called Chicago, Illinois hails a hip hop group called Code FI. Subliminally Focused Hip Hop contains conscious minded hip hop music for the intellectuals out there. Code FI is focused on hip hop for which the album centers around. Those who can appreciate old school hip hop music will savor this album.

Code FI represents Chicago by revolutionary styles on Why Test Me. Why Test Me is medium bass ridden and riddled with percussion although the percussions presence is not heavy. Why Test Me contains conscious minded hip hop music for the intellectuals out there which uses revolutionary styles with lyrical skills as Why Test Me centers around lyricism.

Cosmic Comatose has futuristic sounds similar to what you and I would hear from OutKast. The beats are futuristic beats. Yes Cosmic Comatose is a medium bass ridden track. East Coast hip hop meets Midwest gumbo funk on Cosmic Comatose.

Code FI takes us on an intergalactic voyage on Intergalactilude. The Intergalactilude is an intergalactic interlude. The Intergalactilude is similar to that electronic Daft Punk funk and OutKast. Intergalactilude is very futuristic sounding similar to what you would hear from OutKast. Electronic music meets hip hop music here.

I rate this album, Subliminally Focused Hip Hop, 4/5****.

Mixerr Album Reviews #1,261

This is Michael Mixerr. Today I will review J.M. Vox - Question Authority.

J.M. Vox is an unknown obscure rapper from Tacoma, Washington which is near Seattle, Washington. Most rap from Washington State is very overlooked and obscure. This J.M. Vox EP is no exception to that case. Old school rap and gangsta rap meet soul music on this J.M. Vox EP. Samples of soul music are incorporated into some of the tracks on this EP. Question Authority is his most politically conscious rap to date. By dealing with racial profiling and insurance.


At the very beginning of this J.M. Vox EP, the listeners are greeted by a soulful chorus singing in a peaceful harmony which leads to the track Question Authority. A funky bass line and a groovy percussion ensemble follow next after the soulful harmonic chorus. Question Authority is percussion heavy and politically conscious. J.M. Vox gets politically conscious on Question Authority. Question Authority are examples of both intellectual rap, political rap, and conscious rap.

J.M. Vox questions authority on the track Question Authority. J.M. Vox states that youth is a huge majority of the population. Youth is the majority. He questions who are the people who allowed certain officials to be in a position of authority. The problem such as allowing certain people as elected officials to be in a position of authority has a problem since the beginning of time. The system set J.M. Vox up for defeat and failure. But nevertheless, J.M. Vox still stands strong and tall through it all. He still stands proud.

Next J.M. Vox discusses the issue of racial profiling by law enforcement. Police say J.M. Vox is up to no good because he is a black man. Law enforcement often use racial profiling against black people in America. Now this is where J.M. Vox says to question authority. J.M. Vox tells listeners in his audience to question authority. The system is set up to design people for failure. Especially black people. But nevertheless, J.M. Vox still stands strong and proud.


Just A Thought has a super dope funky phat bass line. However this J.M. Vox track has much more reduced percussion ensemble as this track is not as percussion heavy as all the tracks provided on this EP. The production sound is quite processed.

Just A Thought is about living life without insurance and not being provided with proper healthcare. J.M. Vox raps about his experience on living life without insurance and proper healthcare. He cannot afford proper insurance or healthcare. Insurance and healthcare are too expensive for him to afford right now.

It’s 11:00 PM at night. His son is not feeling all that healthy. So at this point J.M. Vox rushes his son down to the nearest hospital. J.M. Vox is a DHS client as DHS (Washington) publicly serves citizens in Washington State who cannot afford proper healthcare or insurance to cover their medical needs. (His son is registered as a client under DSHS Children's Administration in this case.) It’s 12:00 AM and J.M. Vox is still waiting for help to cure his son.

Eventually they get help. The doctor gives his son an injection. Now the doctor tells J.M. Vox his son has had an ear infection. His son had an ear infection surrounding the inner side of his ear. The medical bill for their visit is extremely high. J.M. Vox is still broke with no money. The system is set up to design people for failure.

[DHS is Washington State Department of Social and Health Services better known as WSDSAHS or DSHS. WSDSAHS publicly serves citizens in Washington State who cannot afford proper healthcare or insurance to cover their medical needs. WSDSAHS serves the public of Washington State. DSHS Children's Administration serves minors.]


Funky Ballistics has a funky bass line similar to what you would inside of a Zapp song and a groovy percussion ensemble that accompanies the tempo perfectly. Percussion has a quite processed sound. Usage of cymbals from a drum kit appears to be fairly high. Funky Ballistics is another track on this J.M. Vox EP that is percussion heavy.

I rate this EP, Question Authority, 5/5*****!

Mixerr Album Reviews #1,260

This is Michael Mixerr. Today I will review Porn Flakes - Moo Jack City.

Raised Right covers the controversial subject of police brutality. It's a case of bad cop, bad cop. Porn Flakes takes an anti-police brutality stance on Raised Right. Police brutality already fucked up heads. Branemhax is an anti-religion song. Religion clogs up minds and brainwashes people. Brainwashing is what religion does to people. Brainwashed people are already fucked up. Dave!? is Porn Flakes first combined effort in writing an autobiography in rock music formation. The song is an autobiography of Porn Flakes.

I rate this album, Moo Jack City, 5/5*****!

Frock coat sees a fashion revival.

In 2010, the frock coat had saw a recent fashion revival. Frock coats are back in style. It has been reported that men wearing frock coats have been sighted in metropolitan areas such as New York City, Paris, Nantes, Plymouth, Birmingham, Nottingham, Oxford, and London of course. The frock coat has seen a fashion revival in men’s fashion.

Ever since the Regency Era of the early 1800s, noblemen and gentlemen whom had a fashionable sense of fashion wore a frock coat with a white undershirt with a necktie intact. The frock coat was very similar to the greatcoat. The frock coat was knee length and the greatcoat was calf length. Noblemen and gentlemen wore frock coats whilst out in public during the Regency Era.

A frock coat was the precursor to the formal modern dress coat. Gentlemen wore the frock coat fully during daytime. Most frock coats had an hourglass figure. A frock coat was considered to be standard business attire and morning dress of the Victorian Era on towards the Edwardian Era. The frock coat was universally worn in Britain, America, Canada, Europe, Australia, and New Zealand. France too at that. Frock coats were worn into the Edwardian Era of the early 1900s as the Victorian Era came to an unexpected abrupt end. Frock coats were becoming bigger too. Heads of government wore frock coats.

By the 1940s, the frock faced demise. After 1940, it had fell out of fashion. By 1950, the frock coat was all but a fashion accessory from the past. Trench coats replaced the frock coat.

Culture surrounding Yiddish theatre long forgotten.

Yiddish language has flourish in the continent of Europe since the 1300s. Yiddish is the cultural instrument of Jewish and Christians alike.  Yiddish was the language of 'Judengaast' (Jewish Ghetto). In other words, Yiddish was the language of the streets. Also the home, the shop, wherever.

Yiddish theatre provided and opened wider horizons for the acting industry! Yiddish theatre had proved to be a successful hit in the United States and Canada during the early 20th century. Most plays in Yiddish theatre were centered around comedy much less than tragedy. The Golem play was one of them for example.

By the 1950s, Yiddish theatre began declining as successors of Jewish Europeans preferred English theatre over Yiddish theatre. Yiddish theatre wouldn't flourish forever. Immigration law was a factor for the demise of Yiddish theatre that was beginning in the 1960s. Yiddish theatre was great while it lasted.

Insight on the politics of Jello Biafra.

Jello Biafra has made some anti-Bush statements along with Fat Mike of NOFX. For those who don't know, Jello Biafra has run for mayor of San Francisco in 1977. Jello Biafra ran as a candidate for the Green Party in 2000, performed with NOFX at the Rock Against George Bush and crashed the Democratic National Convention and Republican Convention more than twice. Jello Biafra had joined the Occupy movement of 2011 and 2012. So Jello Biafra is STILL relevant today. Jello Biafra has made some anti-Obama statements after Barrack Obama let 320 million Americans along with the rest of the world down. Even with all that Change and Hope crap. Because of some of his ridiculous requests he wants to have happen and because he has been compared to Crazy Leftists (Leftivists) and Crazy Centrists, nobody will really vote for him and take He is pro Green Party despite some pro Libertarian Party sentiments made long ago.

Ted Cruz and his views on immigration.

This was discussed during the Republican National Convention of July 20, 2016. Ted Cruz did not debate too much of this subject or admit anything much however in August 2016. Ted Cruz did not endorse Donald Trump as president for being anti-immigration himself as Ted Cruz is also known for having a stance against immigrants and being anti-immigration. Both of them are known for their anti-immigration attitudes and stances. Especially Ted Cruz. Ted Cruz is nationally known for that.

What's so ironic and idiotic is that Ted Cruz himself is an immigrant. He migrated from Cuba to Canada early in his life and after living in Canada for some years, he finally migrates to the United States. So in a literal sense, Ted Cruz is an immigrant. United States is home to immigrants from countries all over the world. So for Ted Cruz or Donald Trump to say the government should close off the border of Mexico to immigrants is nonsense. Him or Donald Trump saying to build a wall across the Mexican border is illogical nonsense. This logic did not work in China when their government built the Great Wall of China located on the border of Mongolia 5,000 years ago and this logic will not work now. Our technology is better than it was then. Therefore Ted Cruz' stance on immigration is flawed.

[Ted Cruz caught a lot of flack from the US Republican Party for not supporting Donald Trump. Republican candidate Ted Cruz was supposed to endorse Donald Trump in his ongoing presidential campaign originally. But Ted Cruz did not endorse Donald Trump for president because that was never a part of Ted Cruz's political agenda. Not because of his stance on immigration.]

Mixerr Album Reviews #1,259

This is Michael Mixerr. Today I will review Ericka Yancey - Ericka.

Ericka Yancey's debut album titled Ericka is a highly sought after album considered as a huge collectors items among fans of R&B/soul fans which is due to the limited amount of copies in quantity the album was pressed up in. In 1997, RCA Records only pressed up a certain limited amount of copies of her debut album as promotional copies to radio stations and record companies around the world. Internal conflicts with the record company is what led to this album from seeing a proper release as a retail release that was originally intended to be available in stores.

The version of Ericka with the silver CD is issued with a "not for airplay" watermark. Also pay attention to the silver lining which is a silver ring in the middle of the CD. Silver lining to this CD is one way to certify this version of Ericka is not a bootleg, cutout, in-store edition, club edition, or a CD-R. The only official pressings of the Ericka album are the versions with the black CD and a one with the silver CD.

Ericka represents how neo-soul harmony is supposed to be done. RnB meets the harmony of neo-soul on this album. Ericka Yancey could have made a name for herself in the neo-soul market had RCA not sabotaged the release for this album. Her career basically ended with this album unfortunately. She could have been on top where Angie Stone, Jazmine Sullivan, Usher, or Jill Scott are today.

I rate this album, Ericka, 4/5****!

Mixerr Album Reviews #1,258

This is Michael Mixerr. Today I will review  Edie Brickell & New Bohemians ‎– Mama Help Me for a single review.

Mama Help Me deals with child abuse. Visions of abuse are replaced with lyrics instead. Actions performed are sung through song instead. This is the reason why abuse is so rampant all over the song. Overall Mama Help Me deals with various aspects of abuse. Such as emotional abuse or physical abuse for example. Mama Help Me is very raw and emotional at times.

Oak Cliff Bra is a raw mellow tune about the Oak Cliff neighborhood in Dallas, Texas. The instrumentation selection is perfectly appropriate. Edie Brickell wrote Oak Cliff Bra for the New Bohemians band. Edie Brickell shines very well on Oak Cliff Bra. New Bohemians go all out on Oak Cliff Bra as well. It is obvious Edie Brickell gave her band members more creative control with this song as all of the band members are included in the song. Oak Cliff Bra can be deemed as a posse cut even if Edie Brickell takes credit for songwriting herself.

I rate this single, Mama Help Me, 4/5****!

Mixerr Album Reviews #1,257

This is Michael Mixerr. Today I will review Saafir ‎– The Hit List Advanced.

Now Saafir ‎– The Hit List with the catalog number identified as 9 47009-1 is the advanced version of Saafir ‎– The Hit List album. Several unreleased songs were included as well. Only 1,000 copies of Saafir ‎– The Hit List Advanced were pressed. Which is why this album is a collectors item among Saafir fans.

A lot was changed after the release for the retail version of this album with a slightly different cover with deleted and unreleased songs for which were altered afterwards. Deleted songs were included on this version of this album. Songs Lost In Space, Funkin' Wit Yo Broad, and Socked Up were deleted songs that did not get included on the final tracklist for the retail version of this album. These deleted songs are unreleased songs. Riding Hot with DA and Poke was unreleased.

This album is his most professional release yet with top tier beats. The beats are getting iller with every album he releases. On this album he focused more on the production aspect by including more additional producers than his previous album.

I rate this album, The Hit List Advanced, 4/5****!

What Skunk Radio Live is.

Skunk Radio Live is a music news radio station from London, United Kingdom that exposes undiscovered music from all over the world.  Skunk Radio Live was created to cater to the needs of adventuresome music lovers that are looking for new artists to discover in mew music. Skunk Radio Live has dedicated music discovery team that is eagerly scouring the globe daily to find the hottest undiscovered music creators out there.

Undiscovered artists from all over the world are popping up on Skunk Radio Live everyday. The Skunk Radio Live radio station is passionate about discovering new music genres of all kinds and is very passionate about sharing it with the world. Skunk Radio Live is a music discovery tool every music lover can't do without!

All your favorite genres from Pop, Rock, Folk, Country, Hip Hop, R&B, Reggae and EDM, to Classical Music, Soundtrack Music, Lounge Music, Jazz, and everything in-between is all available on Skunk Radio Live! What makes Skunk Radio Live special is that the music programming is not limited to mainstream genres like Pop, Rock and Hip Hop, but also includes other sub-genres, less popular genres and instrumental genres.

Non-nuclear bomb dropped in Afghanistan revisited!

The United States Army has dropped the largest non-nuclear bomb in the country of Afghanistan on the date of 4/13/2017. This non-nuclear bomb weighs up to 20,000 lbs. (pounds). Impact of the blast from this bomb was severe. Several citizens felt impact from the bomb blast in combustion after the bomb had been detonated. Several citizens reported seeing a mushroom cloud from 20 miles away after being dropped from being 20,000 feet in the air. A plume covered more than 10,000 feet. 11 tonnes of explosives were released.

The bomb that dropped was called a GBU-43. A GBU-43 weighs 21,600 pounds (lbs.) and is considered by most to be massive. GBU-43 is considered as “Mother of All Bombs” by The Pentagon. Originally this bomb was designed as a deterrent which was used in the Middle East in the year of 2003, but is now being used as a weapon of terror and mass destruction. GBU-43 is designated for combat use.

US President Donald Trump authorized a non-nuclear bomb to be dropped in Afghanistan in a militaristic effort to sweep out the combative militant ISIS group. The bomb was intended for an ISIS target. Particularly, this ISIS target was located inside a cave in Afghanistan. 800 ISIS fighters are present in Afghanistan. Most ISIS fighters are located in a village called Nangarhar. Afghan forces are battling ISIS there as well.

Mixerr Album Reviews #1,256

This is Michael Mixerr. Today I will review the R&B album Make It Hot by Nicole Wray again due to popular demand!

For those who don't know who Nicole Wray is, she was the first artist to sign to Missy Elliott's Goldmind Inc. in 1998 other than Missy herself and Timbaland's production team/duo Timbaland and Magoo. She and Missy were hailing from Portsmouth, Virginia. She had a record deal with Goldmind Inc., EastWest, and Elektra Records from 1996 to 2001 where she released her two albums Make It Hot and Elektric Blue.

Nicole had a blazing hot song called Make It Hot which hit #7 on the BillBoard in 1998 for a hot minute there! The next song that hit the BillBoard was I Can't See. Most of Make It Hot was filled with love ballads and love songs. The album is filled with sultry love songs written by a handful of songwriters.

Timbaland produced 25% of Make It Hot. Suga Mike produced 10%. Dent produced a chuck of songs for Make It Hot too. Playa (Smokey & Static Major) produced a significant portion of Make It Hot even though the Timbaland sound is more present and prevalent. Missy did the rest herself of course. She was responsible for promoting Nicole Wray during her career at Goldmind and Elektra.


Borrowed Time is a smooth mellow love song with such loud powerful bravado. The echo in the background is loud and powerful with use of a controlled reverb. Lil Mo wrote Borrowed Time for Nicole Wray back in 1998. She also provides background vocals. Borrowed Time focuses on Nicole Wray sleeping with another man on his time and his woman's time. They both get back at each other by borrowing each other's time even though they don't belong to each other.

The song begins in dawn of early morning with a heart positive vibe. The man she is sleeping with is still in bed right next to her. Nicole wishes the man she is sleeping with could take off work for the rest of the week to be with her. She wishes he could call in to his workplace in order for him to be with her. His woman wonder where the hell he could be.

It's a shame he has to leave Nicole. They don't belong to each other. No matter how hard they try they are still on borrowed time. Even if it feels right. It's alright to both of them though.

Suga Mike produced Borrowed Time. Suga Mike has produced for artists such as Lil Mo, Nicole Wray, Timbaland, Missy Elliott, SWV, and Lil Bow Wow among others. Honestly, Suga Mike does not get the credit he deserves. People do not give Suga Mike the credit he rightfully deserves. Period.


Seventeen was written and produced by Missy Elliott as she herself is all over the song. Nicole sings and raps on Seventeen. The song called Seventeen samples Call Me by Skyy. Yes the band Skyy. Nicole and Missy often take credit for Seventeen.

Seventeen should have had a music video to accompany the song. Seventeen should have been chosen as a single instead of Eyes Better Not Wander because the song was more upbeat and Missy Elliott was all over it. With Missy Elliott being all over the song, it would have been a smart business move to further both her career and Nicole's. Missy Elliott was the Ariana Grande of her day. Make It Hot would been a further overnight success if Elektra chose Seventeen to be chosen as a buzz single for her debut album. Seventeen would have been a guaranteed success if Timbaland produced it.


Her song Eyes Better Not Wander was a memorable favorite among Nicole Wray fans. Despite that, Eyes Better Not Wander did not do as well because it was a slow jam with no fast paced beats by Timbaland. That song was produced by Smokey of Playa. Smokey produced hot steamy love songs such as this one and Testing Our Love (Suga).

Eyes Better Not Wander is a mellow, loopy, and sultry slow jam notable for its slow vibe. The slow vibe follow the beats perfectly. The beats alone are consistent in terms of following the song. Echoes gives this song a slow feel.

Eyes Better Not Wander did not Nicole justice in terms of charting. Eyes Better Not Wander charted at #69 which eventually fell of the charts quickly. By 1999, the general public was tired of sultry slow jams and wanted more glamorous upbeat pop songs and raunchy R&B songs. That can be attributed to why Eyes Better Not Wander fell off the charts quickly. Eyes Better Not Wander should have been saved for Elektric Blue instead of Make It Hot.


Make It Hot was the jam that had everyone dancing bobbing their heads to back in 1998! Make It Hot was the jam back in 1998! Nicole had a blazing hot song called Make It Hot which hit #7 on the BillBoard in 1998 for a hot minute there. Timbaland produced Make It Hot. The beats were both upbeat and crazy as Timbaland's beats had everyone going nuts back in the day. Missy Elliott made it both spicy and sassy with her ad lib raps as she was all over the place at the very end even though former female rapper Mocha took most of the spotlight at the very beginning of Make It Hot. Kelly Price harmonized the vocals with her angelic singing.

However, Make It Hot was not hot enough in terms of album sales and in the eyes of Elektra executives. In other words, Make It Hot was a flop due to lackluster sales performance. Her Make It Hot album sold 800,000 copies total worldwide instead of 1,000,000 (1 million) as mandated in her recording contract with Elektra Records. Missy had a deal with a Elektra that Goldmind Inc. artists debut albums must sell more than 1,000,000 copies of their first album in order to be on the label.

She focused more on the single Make It Hot rather than the album which is why her debut album was a commercial failure despite having a couple of hot songs. Although Nicole Wray tried to promote her album and single at the same time, it was a tough balancing act for her.

In the end it was Nicole Wray who got the unfair deal in the music business. She had to suffer the consequences of being dropped by Goldmind Inc. and Elektra Records after Elektric Blue was released due to poor sales. Luckily she is now thriving on as an independent artist who is signed to Truth & Soul Records along with Terri Walker.

Nicole Wray faced the same issue and struggle Lil Johnny was facing when he was singed to Warner Bros. Records in 2001. Lil Johnny had a single called I Got You which was the buzz single for his debut album of the same name. Nicole Wray made the same mistake as Lil Johnny did by naming her album the same name as her buzz single which is why her album flopped unfortunately despite having a solid supporting fan base.

This is an important lesson to learn in the music industry! Never title your album the same as your single! Because your album sales will result into low album sales instead of successful album sales into stardom. Having your album titled the same name as your buzz single will throw your audience off thus resulting in lackluster album sales. Titling your album the same name as your single does not work for everyone. Even if it did work for Brandy.


Pressure was an interesting interlude/skit that producer Dent and Nicole were all over. The song is 1 minute and 11 seconds long with the duration time being 1:11. Slow and sultry are words to describe. Pressure should have been made into a full song. There is no reason why should not have been a short song instead.

In fact, Pressure sounds like an unreleased Nicole Wray song even if it is a minute an 11 seconds long. Nicole Wray fans can vouch for me here on this one.

Listen to the lyrics in the background.:
Tonight
In da street
Baby
Don't worry
I'll be there

Tonight
In da street
Baby
Cause that ain't fair

Tonight
In da street
Baby
Don't worry
I'll be there

Tonight
In da street
Don't worry
I'll be there 

Baby
Tonight
In da street

Don't worry
I'll be there


The prelude to I Can't See should have been incorporated into the regular song instead being separated from the original I Can't See song as a separate track. Without You should have replaced the prelude to I Can't See.

Traffic Jam was an interlude produced by Dent. Dent took over most of Traffic Jam even though V is credited in the background vocals inside the liner notes for Make It Hot. What's so odd about that is Nicole Wray is not even included on this interlude. Traffic Jam should been saved for Elektric Blue instead of Make It Hot.  Traffic Jam should have been replaced with I Can't See (Funk Remix) that had featured Cam'ron.

Both Nicole Wray and Lil Mo wrote Nervous for which they both perform on. They both sing about how they fight over the stupidest little things when it comes to love. They give all their time to us as time is on their hands. The song is notably fast paced. Insecurity is one word to describe Nervous.



Make It Hot was hot for its time for a hot moment there. However Make It Hot was not hot enough. Unfortunately Make It Hot was a flop due to lackluster sales. If Nicole had named her album with a different name, her career would have a lot different t than it is today and Make It Hot would have sold better than it did. Nicole could have been the Brandy of both Virginia and Georgia.

In the end it was Nicole Wray who got the unfair deal in the music business. She had to suffer the consequences of being dropped by Goldmind Inc. and Elektra Records after Elektric Blue was released. Nicole was not releasing enough hits which is why she was dropped. Luckily she is now signed to Truth & Soul Records (known for Lee Fields fame) with Terri Walker (of Def Jam fame) in a duo called Lady which has now disbanded.

I rate this album, Make It Hot, 5/5*****!!

Tips of health behind vape e-cigs.

A recent medical study conducted the United Kingdom concluded that the usage of vape e-cigs are not completely without risk. The risk of lung cancer is still prevalent with usage of vape e-cigs. The smoke released from such e-cigs is still considered a smoke substance. There is not as much carbon monoxide released from e-cigs as much as regular cigarettes, however. Vape e-cigs are at least proven to been 95% safer than regular cigarettes, nicotine, and other tobacco related products. Medical experts suggest non-smokers reject picking up the habit of smoking with an e-cig. Vape e-cigs are proven to be ideal with smokers as they are exclusively highly effective. Vape e-cigs at least 95% safer than regular cigarettes, nicotine, and other tobacco related products. These e-cigs are extremely less addictive then chewing tobacco or nicotine.

Opium crops still rise in Afghanistan's premium economy.

In the 1990's, Afghanistan was producing a large amounts of illicit crops. These illicit crops were known as opium. Opium is known to be highly addictive and effective for medicine. This led the country of Afghanistan to be first place in the world for opium production. But it was not long until these opium crops were banished from existence in Afghanistan.

The year 2000 is when opium was banned in Afghanistan. It was due to the political influence of the Taliban that led opium to be illegal by government policy. By then, governmental policies had taken a u-turn in laws of the land in Afghanistan. The crops of opium were highly effected by these laws. Production of opium took a massive decline over the years to come. By 2002, most of the opium crops were destroyed by the Taliban. However in 2016, opium usage would continue to rise despite all the country of Afghanistan's hardships. Opium remains a problem to this day still.